Women s Leadership Position Within The Sport Industry

â€Å"Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, ‘She doesn t have what it takes.’ They will say, Women don t have what it takes. Clare Boothe Luce. Luce’s words are an example of the way women were viewed in the mid 1900’s, and are still a topic of discussion today. There are many different views about women in leadership positions within the sport industry. Some people have positive views, some people have negative views, and some people are indifferent. Women have dealt with equality issues throughout history, but how do they compare in this day and age within a male dominated profession, like athletics? The purpose of this study is to look into what men and women think about females in team sport leadership positions, and why they feel that way. This study allowed the researchers to ask men and women already in the field of team sport leadership if there was still a lacking, how they feel about it, and wh at needs to be done for women to increase their leadership opportunities. Research that has been done on this subject has tended to focus just on the number of women in these sport leadership positions, more so than the reasons behind why there is or is not a lacking of them. This study needed to take place to gain an understanding from men and women, who already hold these positions, on the differences in opportunities for males and females in sport leadership, and what change needs to happen to increase the number ofShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Is Not A New Controversy1974 Words   |  8 PagesDiscrimination in sport is not a new controversy, discrimination in all forms has been happening since the very beginning of physical activity and sport. 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Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines Free Essays

Research Paper M.V. Sai Ram AP17110020010 Branch: ECEHYDRAULIC TURBINES:Abstract: The first part of the paper contains the choice of small turbines for run of the river power plants. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then a discussion is given on the optimization of the performance of different types of large turbines. Finally a discussion on the safety and necessary maintenance of turbines is given with special attention to bolt connections.A set of empirical equations has been developed which defines the peak efficiency and shape of the efficiency curve for hydraulic turbines as a function commissioning date for the unit, rated head, rated flow, runner speed, and runner throat or impulse turbine jet diameter. The aim of this investigation was to develop an environmentally friendly nano -hydraulic turbine utilizing waterfalls. A model of an impulse type hydraulic turbine constructed and tested with an indoor type waterfall to arrive at an optimum installation condition. Effects of an installation parameter, namely distance between the rotor and the waterfall on the power performance were studied. The flow field around the rotor was examined visually to clarify influences of installation conditions on the flow field. The flow visualization showed differences of flow pattern around the rotor by the change of flow rate and rotational speed of the rotor.Every single turbine is custom-designed specifically to meet the requirements of a hydroelectric power plant. Performance of a designed turbine is validated, to some extent, by computational fluid dynamics simulations. Field performance testing of hydraulic turbines is undertaken to define the head-power-discharge relationship that identifies the peak operating point of the turbine. This relationship is essential for the efficient operation of a hydraulic turbine. The art of hydraulic turbine design never stands still but always progresses. In recent years major emphasis has been on the materials of construction and on such features of design as will reduce maintenance work and costly outages in the field.LimitationsHydro power plant or we can say that hydraulic turbines are widely used from the last decades. It is an efficient renewable energy source. There are many up and downs. Hence there Some limitations as shown in below,1.It is a renewable energy source. Water energy can be used again and again.2.the running cost of turbine or less compare to other.3.It has high efficiency.4.It does not pollute environment.5.It is to maintain. How to cite Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines, Papers

Levels of Processing and Their Effect on Information Retention free essay sample

Memory and Self Assessment 2 Abstract One of humanities’ greatest strength is our capacity to learn, although not all methods of learning were created equal. If humanity is to continue to grow as a species our methods of learning must continue to grow and improve. This experiment illustrates how different methods of encoding can affect how information is retained. Nine hundred and ninety nine participants were presented with 26 pairs of words under both semantic and phonemic conditions and then tested to see how many they could recall. Participants were also asked to assess themselves prior to the experiment. It was found that most people overestimated their abilities and did not take into account the method of encoding. Memory and Self Assessment 3 Levels of Processing and their effect on Information Retention Do we perceive our ability to retain information accurately? Significant time and effort has been invested into researching memory and the effect the depth of processing has on the ability to recall words. Research has shown that semantic encoding has resulted in significantly better word retention than such as phonemic encoding (Craik Tulving 1975). When asked to estimate their ability to perform in tasks involving memory, the majority of people will not take the method of encoding into account and will estimate inaccurately (Dunning, Heath Suls 2004). The reason that semantic encoding has resulted in a better word retention than phonemic is due to the variation in the depth of processing. Sensory interpretations such as the sound or appearance of a word are processed at shallower levels and produce only shortterm recall. These levels are involved in phonemic encoding, for example grouping words together depending on how they sound, such as TRAIN and SPAIN. Deeper levels of processing concern the meaning of the word and result in a more long-term recollection. These levels are involved in semantic encoding, grouping words together depending on their meaning, CAT and DOG for example. The reason people estimate their ability to recall inaccurately could be one of a many. It could be that people feel the task simple and overestimate their ability or they could think the task difficult, when in reality it isn’t, and underestimate their abilities. Another reason could be that people aren’t aware of the theory behind the task and are unable to make an informed decision (Dunning, et al. 004) This experiment aims to demonstrate whether semantic or phonemic encoding yields a higher recall, and to investigate how accurate people are at estimating their abilities. The primary hypothesis of this experiment is that participants in the semantic condition, the deeper level of processing, will result in a higher percentage of words recall ed. The secondary hypothesis is that people aren’t aware of how the encoding process affects their ability to recall the words and so the estimations for both conditions will be the same. The tertiary hypothesis is that people will overestimate their abilities and so the predictions for both conditions will be higher than the given value. Memory and Self Assessment 4 Method Participants There were 992 first year psychology students that participated in the experiment. The age and gender of the students was not recorded. 518 students participated in the phonemic condition and 474 students participated in the semantic condition. Materials The experiment involved the use of a web browser on a computer; participant’s input was done with keyboard and mouse. 6 word pairs were used and six test word pairs. Procedure Participants were randomly assigned to either the phonemic or semantic condition. They were told to go to a computer open the web browser to the experiment, enter their name and select the condition they had been assigned. Participants were instructed in the experiment’s procedure and then asked to estimate the percentage of words they would be able to recall. They were then presented with a trial of six practice word pairs, presented one at a time for 30 seconds. Whilst the word pairs were visible, the participants were asked whether they agreed or disagreed, if the words rhymed or were in the same semantic category. After the participants selected they were given feedback about whether the answer was correct or incorrect. The participants then began encoding. During encoding participants were presented with 26 word pairs, one at a time for 30 seconds each. Participants then had to select whether they agreed or disagreed for each word pair. No feedback was given during encoding. Participants then began the recall phase. During the recall phase one word from each of the previous pairs was presented on the screen, all 26 pairs were presented one at a time, participants were asked to enter the partner word. During this phase there was no time limit and participants were not penalised for incorrect spelling. After this phase a result page opened, with a table indicating scores for each phase. Results The results illustrate that for both (Table 1) the phonemic and (Table 2) semantic conditions the mean actual recall score was lower than the mean estimated recall score. Participants in the semantic condition had a higher mean recall than participants in the phonemic condition. The Cohen’s d for this was 0. 61, which is a medium effect. The estimated recall for both conditions was similar, the participants in the phonemic condition having a slightly high mean, and Cohen’s d for this was 0. 09 showing this was a very small effect. Memory and Self Assessment 5 Table three shows the combined results of both conditions, it shows that the estimated recall is greater than the actual recall. The Cohen’s d for this effect was 1. 4 a very large effect. Table 1 Statistics for the Phonemic encoding condition Table 2 Statistics for the Semantic encoding condition Table 3 Statistics for both conditions combined Discussion It was found that participants in the semantic condition remembered on average 10% more word pairs than participants in the phonemic condition. This supports the hypothesis that deeper levels of processing lead to greater ab ility to retain information. It would then be a logical conclusion to say that semantic encoding leaves a more long-term memory. Since there was an almost negligible difference in the mean estimated recall between the two conditions, Cohen’s d supports this. It is reasonable to say that people were unaware of how the different levels of encoding would affect their ability to recall the word pairs. This supports the secondary hypothesis, which states there will be no difference in the estimates between the two conditions. The tertiary hypothesis is also supported; it was noted that people estimated their recall to be on average 28% higher than their actual recall. Which shows that people will Memory and Self Assessment 6 verestimate their ability to recall word pair. This could be due to the lack of information given in the task, for example a greater emphasis was placed on the first phase of the experiment. Alternatively people could have perceived the task as easy. This study has lead to similar findings such as those in Lewandosky and Hockley (1987). This study does differ in a few key aspects though, such as the introduction of a recall estimate. It is quite a sobering fact to know that people have such little knowledge of how different encoding conditions can greatly affect one’s ability to retain information. This experiment has only acted as introduction into the field, however further research into this area can lead to better teaching and studying methods. The experiment had a few limitations, the venue for the test for example, participants were not isolated and could talk during the experiment, and also there was a significant amount of background noise and other distractions. Participants were not well supervised during the experiment; it would have possible for some participants to cheat by recording the word pairs. To prevent this future experiments should isolate participants during the testing process and supervise them more vigilantly. I would also suggest that participants should be asked to estimate the percentage of words they can recall between phase 1 and phase 2, this should eliminate bias since some participants could have spent ore time trying to commit the words to memory knowing that they would have to recall them later. Another point of interest would be to look at the correlation between word pairs remembered and whether the participant agreed or disagreed with the particular word pair.