Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay Essay Example

Solitary Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay In an ongoing review, Rafferty and Wiggan 2011 territory, in the days gone by, solitary guardians with kids beneath 16 mature ages old enough reserved the option to look for paid work or non, without danger of face. The proposals of the Freud Review ( 2007 ) of Welfare-to-Work stipulation and the 2007 Green Paper on Welfare Reform, In Work Better Off, denoted a basic stage in strategy, recommending another cultural understanding that fortified solitary guardians obligation to look for paid work ( Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) , 2007 ) . Since October 2008, solitary guardians whose most youthful ward kid is over 12 mature ages old enough are not, at this point qualified for Income Support ( IS ) on the confirmations of being a solitary parent. From 2010, this was stretched out to solitary guardians whose most youthful ward kid was over seven mature ages old and this was additionally reached out in the Budget 2010 to those whose who s most youthful ward kid being iâ ¬?ve or over ( Great Britain, Parliament, Her Majesty s Treasury, 2010 ) . We will compose a custom exposition test on Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Lone Parents Poverty And Unemployment Social Work Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This paper will break down the reasonings of the Government s strategy points and their vision that it is all in all correct to envision individuals to do each endeavor to secure themselves prepared for work, each piece great as raising standpoints. The specialists reason for existing is that the individuals who look for some kind of employment profit by higher salary and improved prosperity. There are other than monetary advantages, with a lower advantage trouble the specialists evaluates that this arrangement change will affect around 100,000 individual guardians in 2011and make retirement funds of ?380m somewhere in the range of 2011 and 2015 ( Tickle, 2010 ) there is other than expansive cultural augmentations with diminished adult and child destitution through expanded work ( DWP, 2008 ) . Solitary guardians feel that their interests have been dismissed ; that being a parent is a full clasp occupation and there are insufficient adaptable, family benevolent occupations accessible ( Woods, 2010 ) . Gordon ( 2002 ) expressed that uncertainness about how to secure advantages restored quickly if the occupation accomplished non work out has put another obstruction in the way of looking for business each piece great as the loss of Housing Benefit and changes in their Working Tax Credit. This is fortified by the Policy Studies Institute ( 1996 ) which found that many jobless solitary guardians state they can't take paid occupations, regardless of whether they could happen minimal effort kid care and the greatest ground given was that their children were too much youthful and required their female parent at place. Channel 4 News ( 2011 ) communicate that as the new open help changes for singular guardians come into power, solitary guardians are being set up to disregard ( Gingerbread, 2011 ) . Gordon, ( 2002 ) other than expressed that approaches sought after by back to back Conservative authoritiess all through the 1980s and 1990s prompted a solid expansion in the figure of low-pay families and family units. New Labor changed way and had strategies on accomplishing work wage by making a decent negligible compensation and an open help political direction, which stressed the significance of maternal consideration. One of the stays of New Labor s plan to chop down open help reliance was making work wage , a plan that was especially aimed at solitary guardians through expanded monetarily bolstered youngster care and a particular New Deal which began after the 1997 political decision. This focused on solitary guardians among other defenseless gatherings. The program was deliberate and offered a blend of occupation chase backing, planning and functional help for the section to work. There were just restricted possibilities for readiness, with the boss point of convergence being on securing solitary guardians once more into work. Gregg, Harkness and Smith ( 2007 ) area that Government strategies to help solitary guardians once more into work and chop down degrees of need, could had a profoundA contrast and adjust the personal satisfaction for single parent family units. The UKs committedness to a customized, bespoke, support is restricted in light of the lack of assets and planning. Cunningham A ; Cunningham ( 2008 ) expressed that Social Workers ( SW ) ought to be mindful of solitary guardians and their fight with destitution and employability since need is a cardinal and characterizing trademark in the lives of many Service Users ( SUs ) . They go on to area that human science in Social Work is an of import achievement for Social Workers to pass on into example to help support the General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) Codes of Practice ( COP ) . The GSCC COP area SW s must hold suitable perception and achievements to gracefully cultural consideration and keep up those achievements and information up to day of the month. Fitting to Knijn, Martin and Millar, ( 2007 ) cut bringing down open help reliance for solitary guardians could follow in diminished open help outgo and augmented work rates alongside improved socio-political effect for grown-up females. The monetary incitements for work must be significant and supportable to chop down the danger of in-work pove rty. Gregg, Harkness and Smith, ( 2007 ) expressed that as segment of its open help change and child poverty conspire, the approaching New Labor specialists started a progression of strategies focused on cut bringing down youngster destitution in 1997 and a cardinal segment of this was to expand business rates among family units with kids, especially lone guardians. Finch et Al ( 2004 ) recommended that a lack of good youngster care is one of the significant boundaries to the authoritiess focus to build the single parent work rate to 70 % by 2010. The Welfare Reform Green Paper ( 2007 ) territories work is at the chest of our Welfare Reform Program . Allan ( 1997 ) expressed that advantage statutes were changed trying to advance solitary female guardians into work and more noteworthy power per unit region was put on non-inhabitant male guardians to do adequate financial parts to their children s requests. In its Green Paper ( 1998 ) Supporting Families, New Labor s position on solitary gu ardians was clear about the advantages of marriage ( Cunningham and Cunningham, 2010 ) what's more expressed paid work is the best way out of poverty ( Department of Social Security ( DSS ) ( 1998 ) . Solitary guardians were one of their cardinal imprint gatherings. At this stage guardians could at present assume between staying at position and being a parent or making a trip out to work. In the Budget 2010 reference, Mr Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, expressed that the specialists anticipates that solitary guardians should search for work when their most youthful child goes to class. The changesA were actualized on 25 October 2010 and influenced solitary guardians guaranteeing IS.A Job Seekers Allowance ( JSA ) Regulations ( 2010 ) changed the arrangement too much, once kids are of full clasp young, guardians who can work and are asserting advantages ought to be relied upon to search for paid work to back up themselves and their family. Ahrends, J ( 2010 ) expressed that Gingerbread, a foundation for singular guardians, is as yet naming on the Coalition Government toA actualize projects to empower all representatives to use for adaptable working, to ensure all occupations in the people division are offered on a section cut or adaptable balance andA acquaint a privilege with paid parental leave to help guardians spread with cut off when children are wiped out. David Cameron, Gordon Brown and Nick Clegg entirely swore to contest predisposition against singular guardians in 2010 ( Ahrends, 2010 ) and the newly chosen Coalition Government ( 2010 ) further expressed that it was focused on introducing adaptable working for all and propelled a taskforce on children and family units, unfortunately 9 months therefore this equivalent specialists has scratched mandates which came into power April 2011 as segment of a heap of steps to chop down bureaucratism for concerns. Stratton and Wintour ( 2011 ) wrote in The Guardian, Vince Cable, the Business Secretary, will ease houses with less than 10 representatives from all new reddish tape for three mature ages as it subjects 21,000 bits of mandate to a review by the people. This will see a racking of the option to bespeak adaptable working for guardians with kids under 17 which will use to all houses, non only minimal 1s. It will other than rubbish the option to bespeak cut for readiness and guidance to ward Continuous Professional Development ( CPD ) . Freegard, ( 2010 ) fellow benefactor of NetMums, remarked on the advantage modifications and recommended numerous solitary guardians would encounter truly kicking the bucket. She other than noted individual guardians much of the time need to work, however happening occupations to suit around the school twenty-four hours is extremely hard ; as is occurring and paying for fit great quality kid care when the school twenty-four hours. Woods D ( 2010 ) expressed that family-accommodating occupations are still far unnecessarily uncommon in spite of the Government requiring 100,000 individual guardians to look for work in 2011. Blending to Gingerbread the gigantic insufficiency of occupations with flexibleness could imperil projects to hold increasingly singular guardians in work. A national investigation of individual parent individuals and clients of NetMums site found that individuals had seen scarcely any occupations promoted that they could utilize not many for with partition cut hours, inside school hours or as an occupation parcel or adaptable in some other way. Building up a Gingerbread Briefing on adaptable working, primary official of the foundation Weir ( 2011 ) approached the Government to travel fas

Evaluating Eligibility Rules Free Essays

Every one of the three are open day in and day out and each can suit up to twenty young people a night. Likewise with cost social administrations, the deciding of money related and clinical qualification is the integral factor for these in danger youth profiting by the projects gave past crisis administrations. The administrations they give after qualification has been set up are case the executives, physical and psychological wellness administrations, concoction reliance administrations, legitimate help, school commitment, work availability and help, and discovering protected and stable lodging. We will compose a custom exposition test on Assessing Eligibility Rules or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now There are numerous sorts of rules that can be assessed for a wide range of associations, for example, earlier commitments, regulatory principle, private agreements, proficient tact, Judicial choice, connection to the workforce, and means testing which are just explicit to qualification manages as there are numerous types of advantages and administrations which are just explicit models to advantages and administrations, for example, normalization, target productivity, exchange offs, cost-adequacy, substitutability, coerciveness/nosiness. A few measures explicit to qualification rules, for example, over-illumination’s, overpowering expenses, off-focusing on advantages and shame/estrangement are models explicit advantages which are viewed as facial issues that neutralize the accomplishment of an utilitarian arrangement and programs and certainly neutralize ampleness, value, and effectiveness. These uncommon issues are frequently made by the nearness of the qualification rules which have direct connection to those recorded as exceptional issues and if pertinent to this association they will be talked about as assessed for value of its fit with the social issue origination that underlies the program or approach viable. â€Å"For a program or approach to be an intelligible answer for a social issue, the individuals who get the climaxes benefits as well as administrations must be incorporated inside the gathering whom the social issue examination Identifies as having a problem,† (Chambers ; Wedded, 2005, Chi. , p. 118). This assessment will cover the rules for advantages and administrations and rules for qualification rules of this specific organization’s social approaches and projects. Definitely known are the advantage types which are associated with this specific association accordingly with such advantage types likewise gives a ramifications of objectives, a nd destinations for sufficiency, value, and proficiency. This association meets he rules for a Value-basic Appraisal of Social Policy Programs. Essential Policy Collectivities | 1. Purposes. Long haul Short term. Show 1. Explicit to objectives and destinations (an) administration and conveyance as well as the final result. (b) clearness, insurability, manipulability. Ramifications of objectives and goals for ampleness, value, and productivity. 3. Attack of objectives and targets with the social issue examination: issue definition and factors (outcomes) in easygoing investigation. I Forms of Benefits and Services 1. Individual social administrations (â€Å"expert services†)2. â€Å"Hard benefits†: money, merchandise, Commodities. Credits/vouchers. Appropriations. Government credit ensures. Defensive guidelines. Control over choices Each gathering gives or trades what different needs or needs where some accompany explicit specifications. Regularly vows to contribute a specific add up to a specific association inside a particular apportioning of time are made with the end goal for them to get what they are needing now. The Cocoon House has guaranteed, showed and gave the final product they proposed. Each business game plan, any affiliations, and all contributions with are for the advancement of the in danger adolescents and youthful grown-ups that are destitute inside Washington. Shortcoming in qualification rules were not demonstrated nor ensnared. These principles were all around framed, clear and brief and doubtlessly will stay away from any political intercession in the activity of the association except if purposefully invited. The Judgment of the assessed qualification rules are accepted to be reasonable and adequate. They are accepted to be such on the grounds that they fit with the social issue investigation and issue definition/target bunch determinations alongside the Reference Chambers, D. E. , Wedded, K. R. (2005). Social Policy and Social Programs: A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst (thee. ). Boston, MA: Allan and Bacon The most effective method to refer to Evaluating Eligibility Rules, Papers

Can I Take Zyban If I Have High Blood Pressure

Can I Take Zyban If I Have High Blood Pressure Depression Treatment Medication Print Can Zyban or Wellbutrin Cause High Blood Pressure? Hypertension Among Side Effects of Popular Drugs By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 BSIP/UIG/Getty Images More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide Bupropion is a drug primarily used as an antidepressant or smoking cessation tool. It is marketed under the brand name Wellbutrin  when used in the treatment of major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder. When used as for smoking cessation, it is marketed under the brand name Zyban. Both drugs are made by the pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline. In either form, bupropion is associated with a number of common side effects (occurring in over 10% of users):?? DizzinessConstipationNausea and vomitingHeadacheDry mouthExcessive sweatingRapid heartbeatAgitationBlurred vision One of the less common side heart-related side effects is hypertension (high blood pressure). According to the FDA-registered prescribing information, hypertension was shown to occur in 4.6% of users or roughly one of every 22 people.?? This more than doubles the risk seen  in the general population. Understanding Hypertension Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. The elevated pressure with these vessels places a strain on the cardiovascular system as a whole and, over time, increases a persons risk of heart attack, aneurysm, kidney disease, and stroke. Normal blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure below 120 mmHg and a diastolic value under 80 mmHg. Hypertension is blood pressure that is greater than 140/90 mmHg. For people over 60, high blood pressure is defined as 150/90 mmHg or greater.?? Depending on the systolic pressure (during a heartbeat) and diastolic pressure (between heartbeats), the severity of hypertension could be classified as: Prehypertension: between 120 and 139 systolic and 80 and 89 diastolicStage 1: between 140 and 159 systolic and 90 and 99 diastolicStage 2: 160 or higher systolic and 100 or higher diastolicHypertensive crisis: 180 or higher systolic or 110 or higher diastolic Bupropion and Hypertension Bupropion has the potential to increase blood pressure because it affects the levels of certain neurotransmitters produced by the brain, known as catecholamines, which regulate not only mood but blood pressure.?? The risk of hypertension is known to increase to 6.1% (or roughly one of every 16 people) if bupropion is taken in conjunction with a transdermal nicotine patch. This appears true whether a person has had a prior history of hypertension or not. If you must remain on Wellbutrin to control your depression, high blood pressure medication can be prescribed to counteract this side effect. Otherwise, you may need to speak with your doctor about switching to a different antidepressant. A Word From Verywell Bupropion can be an effective tool for treating depression or smoking addiction.?? Persons prescribed with Zyban or Wellbutrin should have their blood pressure tested before starting treatment and routinely monitored thereafter. If you experience any symptoms of hypertension, speak with your doctor. You can also get your blood pressure tested at most larger retail pharmacies. Call 911 or rush to your nearest emergency room if you or a loved one experience symptoms of a hypertensive crisis, including:?? Severe chest painA severe headache accompanied by confusion and blurred visionNausea and vomitingSevere anxietyShortness of breathSeizuresUnresponsiveness

Women s Leadership Position Within The Sport Industry

â€Å"Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, ‘She doesn t have what it takes.’ They will say, Women don t have what it takes. Clare Boothe Luce. Luce’s words are an example of the way women were viewed in the mid 1900’s, and are still a topic of discussion today. There are many different views about women in leadership positions within the sport industry. Some people have positive views, some people have negative views, and some people are indifferent. Women have dealt with equality issues throughout history, but how do they compare in this day and age within a male dominated profession, like athletics? The purpose of this study is to look into what men and women think about females in team sport leadership positions, and why they feel that way. This study allowed the researchers to ask men and women already in the field of team sport leadership if there was still a lacking, how they feel about it, and wh at needs to be done for women to increase their leadership opportunities. Research that has been done on this subject has tended to focus just on the number of women in these sport leadership positions, more so than the reasons behind why there is or is not a lacking of them. This study needed to take place to gain an understanding from men and women, who already hold these positions, on the differences in opportunities for males and females in sport leadership, and what change needs to happen to increase the number ofShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Is Not A New Controversy1974 Words   |  8 PagesDiscrimination in sport is not a new controversy, discrimination in all forms has been happening since the very beginning of physical activity and sport. Some forms of discrimination in sport include sexism, gender stereotyping, homophobia, and racism. All forms of discrimination affect everyone involved in sport, from athletes to coaches, spectators to owners. To fully comprehend the eff ects of discrimination in sport, we must understand the definition of discrimination. According to Oxford DictionaryRead MoreHow Did Mary Barra Become Gm Ceo? Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pagesowners and buyers we think of men. Sports cars and trucks are tailored to the â€Å"manliness† of the automobile industry. The reality is, there are more women drivers than men, â€Å"women purchase, or are involved in purchasing around 85% of all vehicles.† (Colby, 2015). With the growth of women as automotive customers, the industry has fostered and sought out female leadership in their organizations. 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In the United States, women synthesize a majority of the population earning higher college degrees as compared to men, yet holding only 19.2% top executive positions in the corporate world accordingRead MoreThe Under Armour, Inc., And The Adidas Group1634 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This analysis of the Under Armour, Inc., and its subsidiaries is depicted in the paper; Under Armour and its subsidiaries develops, markets, and distributes branded performance apparel, footwear, and accessories for men, women, and youth primarily in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. The company is in direct competition with Nike, Inc. and The Adidas Group. Therefore, this paper will further attempt to evaluate the pressure exertedRead MoreWomen s High School Athletes1414 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in sports, over the past 100 years, has become a topic of intense interest in society. Men have long argued that women have no right to play in the same arena as men do while on the flip side, women argued that they possess the right to the same physical activities that men enjoy. Women participation in sports, up until that time, had been frowned upon universally. Women were eventually granted the right to play sports in the collegiate setting however there was no equality to the treatmentRead MoreHow Gender Affects Women s Role1644 Words   |  7 PagesAffects Women s role in Newsrooms? While the increasing of female journalists ratio in newsrooms regarded as an accomplishment for women, statistics and other variables indicate the contrary. The fact that women s representation in newsrooms became larger than the past takes a lot of attention. However, most people do not know that this slightly enhance in women s representation remained stagnant for decades. 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The purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of the â€Å"gender gap† in the business world, specifically sports marketing for the National Football League and how this issue may be solved: by presenting a sense of self-confidence in professional women. Employers constantly hold women to different standards than theirRead MoreThe Governing Body And League Format For American Football1600 Words   |  7 Pagessporting league in the world. The sport symbolises and embodies American culture as it is fast paced, dazzling razzmatazz of a show brought to a conclusion every year by the greatest show on earth, the Super Bowl. The themes explored are going to be America’s issue with race, how the sport has evolved with TV and commercialism linking the sport to capitalism and the free market. And just like the opening a theme will be size, how large everything is about the sport and the country and how it is associatedRead MoreWhat Makes A Politically Savvy Leader?1173 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s ever evolving organizational settings organizations have grown into multifaceted labyrinth of concerns, hostilities, personal sandboxes, personalities, and sacred cows. Thus the techniques used by old titans of industry are beyond ou tdated and will do very poorly in the organization s of today. While many roads can lead to becoming a successful leader, being politically savvy can help to smooth the path and even shorten the journey. In this paper I aim to identify what is a politically savvy leader

Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines Free Essays

Research Paper M.V. Sai Ram AP17110020010 Branch: ECEHYDRAULIC TURBINES:Abstract: The first part of the paper contains the choice of small turbines for run of the river power plants. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then a discussion is given on the optimization of the performance of different types of large turbines. Finally a discussion on the safety and necessary maintenance of turbines is given with special attention to bolt connections.A set of empirical equations has been developed which defines the peak efficiency and shape of the efficiency curve for hydraulic turbines as a function commissioning date for the unit, rated head, rated flow, runner speed, and runner throat or impulse turbine jet diameter. The aim of this investigation was to develop an environmentally friendly nano -hydraulic turbine utilizing waterfalls. A model of an impulse type hydraulic turbine constructed and tested with an indoor type waterfall to arrive at an optimum installation condition. Effects of an installation parameter, namely distance between the rotor and the waterfall on the power performance were studied. The flow field around the rotor was examined visually to clarify influences of installation conditions on the flow field. The flow visualization showed differences of flow pattern around the rotor by the change of flow rate and rotational speed of the rotor.Every single turbine is custom-designed specifically to meet the requirements of a hydroelectric power plant. Performance of a designed turbine is validated, to some extent, by computational fluid dynamics simulations. Field performance testing of hydraulic turbines is undertaken to define the head-power-discharge relationship that identifies the peak operating point of the turbine. This relationship is essential for the efficient operation of a hydraulic turbine. The art of hydraulic turbine design never stands still but always progresses. In recent years major emphasis has been on the materials of construction and on such features of design as will reduce maintenance work and costly outages in the field.LimitationsHydro power plant or we can say that hydraulic turbines are widely used from the last decades. It is an efficient renewable energy source. There are many up and downs. Hence there Some limitations as shown in below,1.It is a renewable energy source. Water energy can be used again and again.2.the running cost of turbine or less compare to other.3.It has high efficiency.4.It does not pollute environment.5.It is to maintain. How to cite Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines, Papers

Levels of Processing and Their Effect on Information Retention free essay sample

Memory and Self Assessment 2 Abstract One of humanities’ greatest strength is our capacity to learn, although not all methods of learning were created equal. If humanity is to continue to grow as a species our methods of learning must continue to grow and improve. This experiment illustrates how different methods of encoding can affect how information is retained. Nine hundred and ninety nine participants were presented with 26 pairs of words under both semantic and phonemic conditions and then tested to see how many they could recall. Participants were also asked to assess themselves prior to the experiment. It was found that most people overestimated their abilities and did not take into account the method of encoding. Memory and Self Assessment 3 Levels of Processing and their effect on Information Retention Do we perceive our ability to retain information accurately? Significant time and effort has been invested into researching memory and the effect the depth of processing has on the ability to recall words. Research has shown that semantic encoding has resulted in significantly better word retention than such as phonemic encoding (Craik Tulving 1975). When asked to estimate their ability to perform in tasks involving memory, the majority of people will not take the method of encoding into account and will estimate inaccurately (Dunning, Heath Suls 2004). The reason that semantic encoding has resulted in a better word retention than phonemic is due to the variation in the depth of processing. Sensory interpretations such as the sound or appearance of a word are processed at shallower levels and produce only shortterm recall. These levels are involved in phonemic encoding, for example grouping words together depending on how they sound, such as TRAIN and SPAIN. Deeper levels of processing concern the meaning of the word and result in a more long-term recollection. These levels are involved in semantic encoding, grouping words together depending on their meaning, CAT and DOG for example. The reason people estimate their ability to recall inaccurately could be one of a many. It could be that people feel the task simple and overestimate their ability or they could think the task difficult, when in reality it isn’t, and underestimate their abilities. Another reason could be that people aren’t aware of the theory behind the task and are unable to make an informed decision (Dunning, et al. 004) This experiment aims to demonstrate whether semantic or phonemic encoding yields a higher recall, and to investigate how accurate people are at estimating their abilities. The primary hypothesis of this experiment is that participants in the semantic condition, the deeper level of processing, will result in a higher percentage of words recall ed. The secondary hypothesis is that people aren’t aware of how the encoding process affects their ability to recall the words and so the estimations for both conditions will be the same. The tertiary hypothesis is that people will overestimate their abilities and so the predictions for both conditions will be higher than the given value. Memory and Self Assessment 4 Method Participants There were 992 first year psychology students that participated in the experiment. The age and gender of the students was not recorded. 518 students participated in the phonemic condition and 474 students participated in the semantic condition. Materials The experiment involved the use of a web browser on a computer; participant’s input was done with keyboard and mouse. 6 word pairs were used and six test word pairs. Procedure Participants were randomly assigned to either the phonemic or semantic condition. They were told to go to a computer open the web browser to the experiment, enter their name and select the condition they had been assigned. Participants were instructed in the experiment’s procedure and then asked to estimate the percentage of words they would be able to recall. They were then presented with a trial of six practice word pairs, presented one at a time for 30 seconds. Whilst the word pairs were visible, the participants were asked whether they agreed or disagreed, if the words rhymed or were in the same semantic category. After the participants selected they were given feedback about whether the answer was correct or incorrect. The participants then began encoding. During encoding participants were presented with 26 word pairs, one at a time for 30 seconds each. Participants then had to select whether they agreed or disagreed for each word pair. No feedback was given during encoding. Participants then began the recall phase. During the recall phase one word from each of the previous pairs was presented on the screen, all 26 pairs were presented one at a time, participants were asked to enter the partner word. During this phase there was no time limit and participants were not penalised for incorrect spelling. After this phase a result page opened, with a table indicating scores for each phase. Results The results illustrate that for both (Table 1) the phonemic and (Table 2) semantic conditions the mean actual recall score was lower than the mean estimated recall score. Participants in the semantic condition had a higher mean recall than participants in the phonemic condition. The Cohen’s d for this was 0. 61, which is a medium effect. The estimated recall for both conditions was similar, the participants in the phonemic condition having a slightly high mean, and Cohen’s d for this was 0. 09 showing this was a very small effect. Memory and Self Assessment 5 Table three shows the combined results of both conditions, it shows that the estimated recall is greater than the actual recall. The Cohen’s d for this effect was 1. 4 a very large effect. Table 1 Statistics for the Phonemic encoding condition Table 2 Statistics for the Semantic encoding condition Table 3 Statistics for both conditions combined Discussion It was found that participants in the semantic condition remembered on average 10% more word pairs than participants in the phonemic condition. This supports the hypothesis that deeper levels of processing lead to greater ab ility to retain information. It would then be a logical conclusion to say that semantic encoding leaves a more long-term memory. Since there was an almost negligible difference in the mean estimated recall between the two conditions, Cohen’s d supports this. It is reasonable to say that people were unaware of how the different levels of encoding would affect their ability to recall the word pairs. This supports the secondary hypothesis, which states there will be no difference in the estimates between the two conditions. The tertiary hypothesis is also supported; it was noted that people estimated their recall to be on average 28% higher than their actual recall. Which shows that people will Memory and Self Assessment 6 verestimate their ability to recall word pair. This could be due to the lack of information given in the task, for example a greater emphasis was placed on the first phase of the experiment. Alternatively people could have perceived the task as easy. This study has lead to similar findings such as those in Lewandosky and Hockley (1987). This study does differ in a few key aspects though, such as the introduction of a recall estimate. It is quite a sobering fact to know that people have such little knowledge of how different encoding conditions can greatly affect one’s ability to retain information. This experiment has only acted as introduction into the field, however further research into this area can lead to better teaching and studying methods. The experiment had a few limitations, the venue for the test for example, participants were not isolated and could talk during the experiment, and also there was a significant amount of background noise and other distractions. Participants were not well supervised during the experiment; it would have possible for some participants to cheat by recording the word pairs. To prevent this future experiments should isolate participants during the testing process and supervise them more vigilantly. I would also suggest that participants should be asked to estimate the percentage of words they can recall between phase 1 and phase 2, this should eliminate bias since some participants could have spent ore time trying to commit the words to memory knowing that they would have to recall them later. Another point of interest would be to look at the correlation between word pairs remembered and whether the participant agreed or disagreed with the particular word pair.

7 Great Online Research Resources for Writers

7 Great Online Research Resources for Writers 7 Great Online Research Resources for Writers 7 Great Online Research Resources for Writers By Mark Nichol Doing research to strengthen a current story or article, or to get ideas for a new one? You can google all you want and hope for a productive return, but to engage in a focused search, try one of these mediated experiences instead: 1. Infoplease From current events to reference-desk resources to features about history, this site puts a remarkable array of information within reach. Guides to the nations of the world, timelines of political, social, and cultural developments, special quantitative and qualitative features like â€Å"The Worlds Most Corrupt Nations† and â€Å"Color Psychology,† and more cover just about anything you could think of. 2. The Internet Public Library Unlike the other reference centers on this list, the IPL is a portal to other Web sites, brimming with directories of links in topics like Arts Humanities. (Dictionary of Symbolism? Check. Ask Philosophers? Right. Legendary Lighthouses? We got your legendary lighthouses right here.) If you need background information on either fiction or nonfiction projects, stop by for a visit I just dare you to leave without a digressive click or ten. 3. The Library of Congress The online presence of the official repository of knowledge and lore of the United States is an indispensable resource not only for nonfiction writers seeking background information for topics but also for fiction authors seeking historical context for an existing project or inspiration for a new one. 4. Merriam-Webster Online The publishing world’s dictionary of record is at your fingertips online as well as in print, with a thesaurus and Spanish-English and medical compendia, to boot. The dictionary also includes refreshing can’t-we-all-just-get-along usage commentary. (That and which, as pronouns that introduce restrictive clauses, are interchangeable.) You’ll also find video tutorials on usage from dictionary staff, a Word of the Day feature, word games, and a variety of language-watch features. 5. Refdesk Refdesk.com, like Infoplease, is a clearinghouse for online research, with links to headline news and timeless information alike. You can easily get lost in its Daily Diversions directory, which includes links not only to humor, games, and trivia sites but also to more respectable resources like DailyWritingTips.com (whoo!). If you have a question, chances are you can find the answer on this site. 6. Snopes How do you verify that this self-described â€Å"definitive Internet reference source for urban legends, folklore, myths, rumors, and misinformation† is what it claims to be? Go to the site and find out. The fine folks at Snopes.com will set you straight about any one of hundreds of posts each with a prominent judgmental icon, and commentary to back it up about that one thing you think you remember you heard about that one thing. (For example: Posh comes from an acronym for â€Å"port out, starboard home† the ideal respective locations for accommodations on a luxury liner right? Cue the buzzer. Bogus.) TruthOrFiction.com is a similar site. 7. Wikipedia This user-generated online encyclopedia got a lot of flak a few years ago for some inaccurate information posted by someone with a grudge, but that was an isolated incident. Also, many sources warn against using Wikipedia as a primary source for research. That said, don’t hesitate to avail yourself of the wealth of information available on the site much of which is written by subject-matter experts in the field in question. Then click on one of the online sources linked in the footnotes, or take your search to one of the other sites in this list. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Writing the Century45 Idioms with "Roll"